<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1700665583681" alt="Antarctic Ozone hole expands & ozone layer thins, defying recovery trends: Study" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

A recent study has revealed that the ozone hole over the Antarctic has not only grown larger, but has also become thinner during most of the spring, despite a general trend of recovery in area and depth since the 2000s.
The study, published in Nature Communications, highlighted that the Antarctic ozone hole has been exceptionally massive in the last four years.
Lead author Hannah Kessenich from the University of Otago pointed out, "We find that the concentration of ozone at the centre of the ozone hole has reduced, which means the ozone layer has notably thinned."
The ozone hole is an area of severely depleted ozone in the stratosphere over the Antarctic, occurring from August to October at the beginning of the Southern Hemisphere spring.
While the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts the ozone layer's recovery within four decades, recent years have shown a surprising trend. Despite an overall positive trajectory in recovery, the ozone hole has been notably large from 2020 to 2022, with the 2022 hole exhibiting similar characteristics to the large holes observed in 2020 and 2021.
Even though the study includes data up to 2022, observations in 2023 continue to reflect the same trend. According to NASA, from September 7 to October 13, the hole averaged 23.1 million square kilometres, roughly the size of North America, making it the 16th largest over this period.
This phenomenon is not only an environmental worry, but is also intertwined with the climate and dynamics of the Southern Hemisphere.
Kessenich stated, "With the remarkably large Antarctic ozone holes during 2020-2022, we quickly noticed that adding these years onto the observational record impacted previous trends toward ozone recovery. This spurred us to look into the issue further and determine where and when ozone depletion was worsening."
To gain insights, the research group conducted a comprehensive analysis of monthly and daily ozone changes at various altitudes and latitudes within the Antarctic ozone hole from 2004 to 2022. The findings revealed a substantial 26% reduction at the core of the ozone hole during this period.
This decline is notable, considering global efforts outlined in the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. The protocol aims to regulate the production and consumption of human-generated chemicals known to contribute to ozone depletion.
The 2022 quadrennial assessment report of the Montreal Protocol affirmed the phase-out of nearly 99% of banned ozone-depleting substances.
Despite these efforts, meteorological conditions, springtime temperature, wind patterns, aerosols from natural events like wildfires and volcanic eruptions, and changes in the solar cycle could be influencing the fluctuations in the size of the Antarctic ozone hole.
The complex interplay of these factors, especially within the polar vortex, where air from the mesosphere impacts ozone chemistry, necessitates further research.
Kessenich also highlighted the need to explore the descent of air from the mesosphere within the polar vortex and its potential impact on the ozone hole in the future. This ongoing research aims to unravel the intricate mechanisms contributing to ozone depletion in Antarctica and its broader implications for the Southern Hemisphere's climate dynamics.

Antarctic Ozone hole expands & ozone layer thins, defying recovery trends: Study

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1696602439194" alt="Sikkim's South Lhonak lake burst – A grim reminder of Himalayan glacial changes" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

In a stark reminder of the ongoing environmental challenges posed by climate change, the South Lhonak Lake in Sikkim burst on the night of October 3-4, 2023, fulfilling the warnings made by scientists back in 2021.
The catastrophe was predicted in a detailed study titled 'Future Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) Hazard of the South Lhonak Lake, Sikkim Himalaya', which underscored the lake's increased growth due to glacial retreat, escalating the risks of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF).
Located at an altitude of 5,200 meters above sea level, the South Lhonak Lake had rapidly expanded over the decades due to glacial retreat, becoming the largest and fastest-growing glacial lake in the state.
Between 1962 and 2008, the glacier receded almost two kilometres, with an additional 400-meter retreat recorded between 2008 and 2019, intensifying the hazard potential.
The glacier's length reduced from 6.4 km to 5.1 km in 29 years, indicating a significant reduction of approximately 0.96 sq km. The Central Water Commission of the central government had issued advisories to assess the lake system's condition, foreseeing the impending danger.
This natural disaster has dire implications for the downstream Chungthang village, home to over 10,000 residents, who find themselves cut off from the rest of the world due to the disaster.
The study also highlighted the unstable nature of the terminal moraine, the natural dam holding the lake, which is thinning towards the ends. Scientists have pointed out that climate change is accelerating glacial retreat in the Himalayas, contributing to the growing number of glacial lakes, many of which are susceptible to GLOFs.
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Studies published over the years have consistently emphasised the impact of climate change on Himalayan glaciers and lakes. One such study, published in 2012, indicated a rise in the number of glacial lakes in the Sikkim Himalayas, many of which are prone to GLOFs.
Additionally, research conducted by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) in 2003 identified several hazardous lakes in the Sikkim Himalayas, underscoring the urgent need for climate action and disaster preparedness.
Another study, titled 'Glacial Lake Evolution (1962–2018) and Outburst Susceptibility of Gurudongmar Lake Complex in the Teesta Basin, Sikkim Himalaya (India),' highlighted the risks associated with the Gurudongmar lake complex. The research predicted that if global temperatures continue to rise, the crevasses near the icefall area will shrink, increasing the risks of outbursts or overflow.
These studies collectively emphasise the pressing need for comprehensive strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change in the fragile Himalayan region.
The bursting of South Lhonak Lake serves as a sombre reminder of the urgent action required to safeguard vulnerable communities and ecosystems in the face of a changing climate.

Sikkim's South Lhonak lake burst – A grim reminder of Himalayan glacial changes

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1696534762319" alt="Navigating India's plastic crisis – Challenges, solutions, and a path to sustainability" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

In the face of India’s escalating plastic waste crisis, the government's commitment to phase out single-use plastics by July 1, 2022, seemed like a beacon of hope.
Bhupender Yadav, Union Environment Minister, made this pledge on the last year’s World Environment Day, drawing attention to the alarming statistics that highlighted India’s struggle with plastic pollution.
With approximately 30,000 tonnes of plastic waste generated daily, and only half of it being recycled, urgent and effective measures were imperative.
India's battle against plastic waste has been defined by a regulatory framework that, on paper, appears robust. The Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules were revised in 2011, strengthened in 2016, and further reinforced in 2018 and 2021.
These amendments mandated manufacturers and brand owners to notify pollution control boards regarding their plastic waste generation and ensure proper disposal methods, ideally through pyrolysis.
However, the gap between these regulations and their implementation has been glaring. While the responsibility fell on states and Union Territories through district magistrates and Gram Panchayats, tangible progress was elusive. The National Green Tribunal intervened, establishing oversight committees, but their efforts often fell short.
In contrast, success stories like Indore (Madhya Pradesh) and Ambikapur (Chhattisgarh) highlighted the potential of effective plastic waste management. Indore transformed into India’s cleanest city by setting up plastic collection centres and engaging citizens actively in recycling initiatives. Ambikapur pioneered innovative concepts like “garbage cafes,” encouraging waste exchange for meals and utilising plastic waste in road construction.
Yet, these local successes are not enough to counter India’s massive plastic problem. The heart of the issue lies in the lack of public awareness about plastic's detrimental effects and the lax enforcement of regulations, despite the presence of a strong legal framework.
Drawing inspiration from international practices, especially taxation and regulation, could offer a way forward. Washington DC’s imposition of taxes on plastic bags led to an 85% decrease in plastic bag consumption. Denmark and Canada also reduced plastic use significantly through taxation and voluntary anti-plastic campaigns, respectively.
However, it’s crucial to consider the economic implications associated with the plastic industry. While India has made strides in addressing pollution from auto emissions, the plastic waste issue continues to be overlooked. Effective supervision and stringent monitoring at various levels, including the National Green Tribunal, are necessary to make a meaningful impact.
Addressing this crisis demands a collective effort. By embracing innovative solutions, learning from international best practices, and recognising the economic implications, India can navigate this complex terrain.
This multifaceted approach, combined with legislative fortitude, active citizen participation, and conscientious enforcement, can pave the way for a plastic-free future. It is not just about the legacy we leave behind; it is about creating a sustainable environment for generations to come.

Navigating India's plastic crisis – Challenges, solutions, and a path to sustainability

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1695817576105" alt="Geoscientists uncover hidden continent Zealandia after centuries" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

In a remarkable discovery, geoscientists have revealed the existence of Zealandia, a continent that had remained concealed for nearly 375 years. A small team of geologists and seismologists painstakingly crafted a newly refined map of Zealandia, also known as Te Riu-a-Maui, utilising data extracted from rock samples retrieved from the ocean floor. The findings have been detailed in the journal Tectonics.
Zealandia, according to a BBC report, spans a vast expanse of 1.89 million square miles (4.9 million square kilometres), making it approximately six times the size of Madagascar. This revelation leads to a revised count of continents, now totalling eight, with Zealandia being the latest addition.
It holds the distinction of being the smallest, thinnest, and youngest continent globally. Notably, Zealandia is submerged beneath the ocean's surface, with only a few islands reminiscent of New Zealand punctuating its landscape.
"This is an example of how something very obvious can take a while to uncover," remarked Andy Tulloch, a geologist affiliated with New Zealand Crown Research Institute GNS Science and a member of the Zealandia discovery team.
Studying Zealandia has long been a challenge for scientists, primarily due to its submerged nature. Researchers are meticulously scrutinising collections of rock and sediment samples retrieved from the ocean bed, with most of these samples originating from drilling sites, while others were obtained from the shores of nearby islands.
The examination of these rock samples revealed geological patterns in West Antarctica, hinting at the existence of a subduction zone near the Campbell Plateau, located off the west coast of New Zealand. Although magnetic anomalies were not detected in this region, which challenges theories regarding a strike-slip in the Campbell Fault.
The newly refined map offers insights into Zealandia's magmatic arc axis and other significant geological features. Zealandia, initially part of the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana, formed around 550 million years ago, when all the landmasses in the southern hemisphere were amalgamated.

Geoscientists uncover hidden continent Zealandia after centuries

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1695758143396" alt="UP struggles to harness solar potential despite high energy demand & potential" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

As the world moves toward renewable energy sources to combat climate change, Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state with the highest electricity demand, lags in achieving its solar energy targets.
With its immense potential, Uttar Pradesh plays a crucial role in India's quest for net-zero emissions and renewable energy goals. Despite having the largest electricity demand in the country, Uttar Pradesh ranks ninth in clean energy production. The state, with its 75 districts, predominantly concentrates its large solar projects in only a few districts, such as Bundelkhand.
As of March 2022, the total installed energy capacity in Uttar Pradesh was 30,769 megawatts (MW), with solar energy production reaching 2,485.16 MW by December 31, 2022.
The state government has set an ambitious target of producing 22,000 MW of solar power by 2026-27. To meet this goal, approximately 14 MW of solar power plants need to be installed daily. However, the state's progress in achieving this target has been slow.
<ins>Solar Energy in Uttar Pradesh: Challenges and Opportunities</ins>
While Uttar Pradesh boasts ambitious projects like solar cities, solar parks, on-grid, and off-grid projects, one of the significant advantages of solar energy is its potential to be generated at every home and village. Despite these opportunities, grid-connected solar power projects remain limited to a few districts, leaving many areas with little to no solar energy production.
Large solar projects are concentrated in 18 out of the state's 75 districts, primarily in the drought-prone Bundelkhand region. This unequal distribution leaves 57 districts with minimal or no solar energy generation. To address this issue, Uttar Pradesh has initiated programs like the Roof Top Solar (RTS) Programme and the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha and Utthan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM Yojana). These initiatives aim to bring solar energy to every home, empowering citizens and farmers as solar entrepreneurs and contributing to job creation and improved living standards.
<ins>Slow Progress in Solar Initiatives</ins>
The second phase of the RTS scheme, launched in 2022, set a target of 121.2 MW for Uttar Pradesh. However, as of December 31, 2022, only 23.70 MW of solar plants had been installed in residential areas. When combining the first and second phases, a total capacity of 163.34 MW had been installed across all sectors, including residential and commercial.
One of the challenges faced by RTS programs in smaller towns and villages is the prevalence of power cuts. People in more extensive cities like Allahabad, Varanasi, and Lucknow have shown more interest in RTS. Additionally, the upfront cost of RTS can be a barrier for lower and middle-class families.
Similarly, the implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha and Utthan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM Yojana) has faced challenges in Uttar Pradesh. While 225 MW of solar plants were approved under the scheme for the year 2022-23, not a single plant had been established. In Kusum-B, out of 36,842 sanctioned solar pumps, only 12,773 pumps were installed, and Kusum-C did not see any installations compared to the target of 4,00,000 pumps.
To address these issues, the scheme has been modified and introduced as KUSUM-C2, offering significant subsidies from both the Government of India and the state government. This revised approach aims to stimulate the adoption of solar energy, particularly among farmers.
<ins>Regional Disparities and Tailored Solutions</ins>
Uttar Pradesh's diverse landscape poses unique challenges for solar energy projects. While drought-prone areas like Bundelkhand may offer cheaper land for solar projects, other regions with fertile agricultural land may face hurdles in terms of land availability and suitability. Investors have bid competitively in Bundelkhand, offering rates as low as Rs 2-2.50 per unit. However, these rates may not be practical in other districts.
To address these disparities, experts suggest the need for tailored business models for specific areas. Solar developers, discoms (distribution companies), and the Uttar Pradesh New and Renewable Energy Development Agency (UPNEDA) should collaborate to create business models suited to each region. Pilot programs could serve as experiments to determine the most effective approaches.
<ins>Challenges and Potential for Uttar Pradesh's Solar Energy Future</ins>
While Uttar Pradesh faces challenges in harnessing its solar potential, there is a clear need to overcome practical and technical obstacles. Ensuring that solar energy goals set by the state government, such as those outlined in the Solar Energy Policy-2022, are met will require concerted efforts to resolve ground-level issues and address technical complexities.
The state can tap into its solar potential to not only meet its energy needs, but also contribute significantly to India's renewable energy targets and climate change mitigation efforts. Uttar Pradesh has a pivotal role to play in achieving a sustainable and greener way of generating energy.
In summary, while challenges exist, Uttar Pradesh's solar energy potential remains a beacon of hope in the transition to renewable and cleaner energy sources, providing a brighter and more sustainable future for the state and the nation.

UP struggles to harness solar potential despite high energy demand & potential

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1695742934901" alt="Pumped Storage Hydropower: Potential to shape India's sustainable energy future" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

Ia world moving steadfastly towards renewable energy sources, energy storage solutions are emerging as crucial players in the transition to a sustainable energy future. Among these solutions, Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSH) is gaining prominence as a reliable and versatile technology that has the potential to shape India's energy landscape.
<ins>Understanding Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSH)</ins>
At its core, PSH is a straightforward system comprising two water reservoirs situated at different elevations. During periods of surplus energy production, excess electricity is used to pump water from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir. When electricity demand peaks, water is released from the upper reservoir to the lower reservoir, passing through reversible turbines in the process, which generates electricity. This ingenious mechanism creates an efficient energy storage system characterised by rapid response capabilities.
<ins>India's Potential and Current Status</ins>
Earlier this year, India's Ministry of Power introduced draft guidelines to promote PSH projects in the country. India boasts immense potential, with an estimated 103 gigawatts (GW) of PSH capacity. However, currently, there are only eight operational PSH projects generating 4.7 GW, with an additional 52.6 GW in various stages of development. This indicates the untapped potential that could significantly contribute to India's energy needs.
<ins>Advantages of PSH Over Battery Storage</ins>
Compared to battery storage, PSH is often considered more cost-effective and efficient. PSH systems achieve energy conversion rates exceeding 80%, and they are renowned for their reliability and longevity. These systems are scalable and adaptable to various terrains while leaving a minimal environmental footprint.
<ins>Addressing Grid Stability</ins>
In a world characterised by fluctuating renewable energy sources, grid stability becomes paramount. PSH excels in this regard, offering frequency regulation and load-following capabilities. It can swiftly respond to grid imbalances, ensuring a stable electricity supply and facilitating the integration of intermittent renewables.
<ins>Maximising Renewable Energy Utilisation</ins>
Renewable sources like wind and solar are intermittent, posing challenges for grid operators. PSH functions as a bridge, storing excess energy during surpluses and releasing it when needed. This approach maximises the utilisation of renewable energy, contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable energy mix.
<ins>Environmental Sustainability</ins>
Environmental concerns are a top priority. PSH emerges as a cleaner alternative to fossil fuel-based energy storage methods, characterised by minimal emissions and ecological impact. By adhering to best practices in site selection and environmental management, the local ecosystem impact can be minimised.
<ins>Government Commitment and Private Sector Involvement</ins>
The Union Ministry of Power has taken proactive steps to promote PSH projects in India. At a recent conference, Union Minister of Power and New and Renewable Energy RK Singh emphasised the need to augment energy storage capacity and committed to addressing sector demands. The imminent approval of the hydro policy is expected to further boost the hydropower sector, with a focus on private sector investment.
<ins>Challenges and Innovations</ins>
While PSH offers numerous advantages, challenges remain, including geographical constraints and substantial capital requirements. Ongoing research and innovation are expected to overcome these hurdles, driving increased efficiency and capacity.
<ins>Economic and Grid Stability Benefits</ins>
Beyond its environmental benefits, PSH offers economic advantages, including job creation and local economic growth. Furthermore, it enhances grid stability by serving as a dependable energy storage source, balancing the grid during high-demand or low-supply periods. PSH also provides essential ancillary services such as frequency regulation and voltage support, critical for maintaining grid stability.
<ins>A Beacon of Hope for India's Energy Transition</ins>
In the quest for clean and reliable energy sources, PSH emerges as a beacon of hope. Its efficient energy conversion, grid-stabilising capabilities, and role in renewable energy integration make it a lynchpin in our sustainable energy future. As India forges ahead with renewed government commitment and private sector involvement, the spotlight on PSH signals a promising future for sustainable and reliable energy in the nation.

Pumped Storage Hydropower: Potential to shape India's sustainable energy future

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1695409360207" alt="MP farmers grapple with drought & rain related crop losses" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

In a tale of double agricultural woes, Madhya Pradesh's farmers have faced the challenges of both drought and excessive rain during the 2023 monsoon season. The result has been significant damage to key crops, particularly soybeans and sugarcane.
The troubles began in August when a prolonged drought period saw 18 rainless days in Bhairopur village in Seoni Malwa tehsil of Narmadapuram district. According to farmer Santosh Patwari, "The region was facing drought-like conditions, and paddy, maize, and soybean crops reached the verge of drying up."
The situation improved when rain finally arrived in the first week of September, but this relief was short-lived. Heavy winds accompanied the rain, causing soybean crops to scatter on the ground. The soybean crop that remains standing in some areas lacks pods, spelling financial trouble for farmers.
Farmers in the region invested a significant amount in their crops, with expenses including sowing, seed purchases, and labour costs. However, it is now doubtful whether they will recover even these basic expenses. Shailendra Singh Rajput, a resident of Bairakhedi village in the same district, recounted that sudden heavy rains and floods submerged his paddy fields, affecting production. He expects a meagre yield.
Suraj Bali Jat, a farmer from Seoni Malwa, faced losses on his 20-acre soybean plantation. Despite investing about Rs 25,000 per acre in labour and diesel, the dry August took a toll on his crop. While he managed to save a portion of it by irrigating, caterpillars further damaged the remaining soybean pods.
This challenging agricultural situation extends beyond Narmadapuram district. Farmer Basant Kumar from Charkheda village in Timarni tehsil of Harda district, adjacent to Narmadapuram, planted soybeans and maize but suffered significant losses. Similarly, farmer Virendra Singh from Imlauda village in Shivpuri district had to plough his black lentil crop due to the lack of rain. Shivpuri district recorded below-average rainfall this year, compared to the previous year.
Chandresh Singh, a farmer from Mohania Khedi village in Raisen district near the capital Bhopal, recounted that he planted paddy on 20 acres of land. However, the prolonged dry spell caused severe crop stress, forcing him to save what he could through irrigation and plough the rest of his fields.
Farmers in districts such as Khandwa, Harda, and Sagar also faced substantial crop losses due to the unpredictable weather conditions. The combination of drought and heavy rains has made the 2023 monsoon season a particularly challenging one for Madhya Pradesh's farming community.
<ins>Loss in sugarcane and maize farming</ins>
The relentless downpour has inflicted substantial damage on sugarcane and maize crops in several districts of Madhya Pradesh. Farmer Prateek Sharma, hailing from Karp village in Gadarwada tehsil of Narsinghpur district, shared the dire situation he faces. Sharma had cultivated sugarcane across 34 acres of land, but approximately 60 percent of his crop suffered severe damage due to the unrelenting rains and strong winds.
"The leaves are now turning yellow, and the sugarcane has broken in multiple places. While the crop is slated for harvest in December and January, we anticipate rat infestations in the fallen crops. Farmers will need to irrigate once the rain subsides, but reviving the flattened crops poses a considerable challenge, and we anticipate losses of about 40-45 percent," lamented Sharma.
Another farmer, Gokul Yadav from Lakhapur village in Betul district, planted sugarcane on two acres of land. He managed to save his crop through strategic irrigation during the summer and in August. However, hopes of preserving his crop were dashed when September brought heavy rains and land became waterlogged, causing the sugarcane to flatten under the weight of both the rain and wind.
Maize crops have suffered extensive losses across various districts, including Chhindwara, Betul, Harda, and Narmadapuram. According to BU Dupare, a senior scientist at the Indian Institute of Soybean Research Center in Indore, the crops have endured damage due to the dual impact of drought followed by excessive rains.
"In the eastern regions, there was a prolonged period without rainfall, severely affecting early-ripening soybean varieties. Precipitation remained elusive when the crops needed water the most. Subsequently, September's heavy rains came just as short-duration crops were ready for harvesting," explained Dupare.
Sanjeev Verma, a senior scientist at the Pavarkheda Agricultural Research Centre in Narmadapuram district, highlighted the toll on paddy crops due to the prolonged drought.
"Some farmers managed to salvage their crops through irrigation, but overall production is expected to be adversely impacted. The drought-like conditions are likely to result in thinner grains and fewer grains per plant," warned Verma.
Farmers expressed their concerns over the absence of government assurances regarding compensation for their losses. Surendra Rajput, a farmer from Narmadapuram district, voiced his frustration, saying, "Despite reporting the losses to the administration, we have yet to receive any assurances. Without a government response, even insurance companies may not compensate us. Timely loss assessments and surveys are crucial before harvest to ensure farmers benefit from crop insurance."
The combined impact of drought and excessive rainfall has posed significant challenges to Madhya Pradesh's farming community, with losses likely to affect crop yields and livelihoods.

MP farmers grapple with drought & rain related crop losses

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1695407367935" alt="India's major reservoirs show alarming decline in water storage" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

As September marks the final month of the southwest monsoon season in India, concerns are mounting over the country's water reservoirs. Despite a seven percent rainfall deficit in the third week of September, the Central Water Commission (CWC) reports that the overall storage in India's 150 major reservoirs is lower compared to the same period last year and falls below the 10-year average.
According to data released by the CWC on September 21, 2023, the live storage available in these reservoirs amounted to 126.463 billion cubic meters (BCM), which represents only 71 percent of their total live storage capacity. In contrast, during the same period last year, the live storage in these 150 reservoirs stood at 157.086 BCM, and the 10-year average was 137.00 BCM.
Typically, these reservoirs are filled with monsoon rainfall by the end of September and serve as a crucial water source for sowing and irrigating Rabi crops (winter crops) when water availability is limited. However, as of September 21, several agrarian states, including Punjab, Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh, have storage levels below their normal averages based on the last 10 years.
Bihar faces the most significant departure from normal storage levels, with a staggering 95 percent deficit. The state, which has a live capacity of 0.136 BCM, currently holds only 0.004 BCM, compared to 0.070 BCM last year and an average of 0.087 BCM over the past decade. Bihar is also grappling with a 30 percent rainfall deficit, as reported by the India Meteorological Department (IMD).
The situation is particularly concerning in the southern region of India, where storage levels in 42 reservoirs are alarmingly low. This region currently holds 25.569 BCM of live storage, which is only 48 percent of its total live storage capacity. In comparison, during the same period last year, the storage was at 92 percent, and the 10-year average was 72 percent.
Five southern states—Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Karnataka, and Kerala—face significant departures from normal storage levels, with deficits ranging from 29 to 61 percent. This decline in water levels is evident in rivers like the Pennar, which flows through Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, and several other east and west-flowing rivers in the region.
The scarcity of water in major reservoirs across India underscores the urgency of water conservation and prudent management in the face of changing climate patterns and their impact on monsoon rainfall.

India's major reservoirs show alarming decline in water storage

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1695125324607" alt="World leaders unite, pledge bold actions to salvage SDGs by 2030" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

Diverse leaders from across the globe convened on September 18, 2023, for the High-level Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Summit, signifying their collective resolve to intensify efforts aimed at achieving the SDGs by 2030. During the two-day summit held in New York, these leaders came together to endorse a resolute political declaration, affirming their shared commitment to shaping a sustainable and inclusive world within the next decade.
The political declaration, a significant milestone achieved on the first day of the high-level event, explicitly recognised that fulfilling the objectives of the SDGs 2030 requires a substantial increase in investments. These investments are essential for facilitating equitable access to food, energy, digital transformations, educational advancements, and robust social security systems in developing nations.
The funding gap for the annual SDG targets has surged from $2.5 trillion before the COVID-19 pandemic to an estimated $4.2 trillion, a concerning development highlighted by UN Secretary-General António Guterres. To address this critical financing challenge, the leaders reiterated the importance of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda as a fundamental component of the 2030 Agenda. Established in 2015, the Addis Ababa Action Agenda emphasised the efficient utilisation of all financial resources, both public and private, to promote sustainable development and underscored the need for integrated national financing frameworks.
A significant proposal put forth in the political declaration is the call for swift action to implement the UN Secretary-General's plan for an SDG stimulus. This initiative seeks to substantially boost funding for SDG implementation by an annual sum of $500 billion. It signifies a resounding consensus among nations for a substantial overhaul of the international financial system to better align with the contemporary global economic landscape.
UN Secretary-General Guterres expressed his optimism regarding the declaration, particularly its commitment to enhancing access to essential financial resources for SDG progress, referring to finance as a potential game-changer in accelerating these goals.
The declaration pointed out a sobering reality: 3.3 billion people inhabit countries where the expenditure on interest payments surpasses investments in education and healthcare. To address this imbalance, leaders have called for strengthened multilateral actions and greater coordination among creditors. They also advocated for the expansion of debt swaps for SDGs, including those related to climate and nature.
Furthermore, the declaration underscored the urgency of rectifying the course in pursuit of the SDGs. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, the world was lagging behind in achieving the majority of these goals, necessitating an emergency correction to expedite progress. The pandemic's long-lasting, disproportionate, and intricate effects, particularly on the poorest and most vulnerable nations, have further compounded the challenges.
The declaration stressed the need for enhanced multilateral and global cooperation, with a particular focus on aiding impoverished nations, especially those in Africa, the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Poor Countries, and Small Island Developing States.
Having committed to the 2030 Agenda and its 17 SDGs in 2015, global leaders initially pledged to safeguard the rights and well-being of all, ensuring a sustainable world. However, the political declaration issued a stark warning, signalling that the SDGs are at risk midway through their implementation.
Since 2020, tens of millions of people have slipped into poverty, while nearly 110 million individuals have experienced forced displacements. Inequities, especially among women and young girls, have exacerbated, and governments are grappling with the difficult choice between servicing debt and investing in healthcare and education.
The declaration also highlighted the pressing issue of climate change, describing it as one of the most formidable challenges of our time. Leaders expressed deep concern over the ongoing increase in greenhouse gas emissions globally and recognised that all countries, particularly developing ones, are highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change.
Scientific evidence has firmly established the connections between climate impacts and SDGs. Extreme weather events and climate change are posing threats to the achievement of SDGs, a concern voiced by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in a recent warning.
Additionally, the declaration recommitted leaders to the full implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. As nations prepare for COP28, they pledged to intensify their efforts to combat climate change and work towards operationalising new financial mechanisms to address loss and damage.
In this gathering of world leaders, the resounding message is clear: there is an urgent need for intensified global cooperation and concerted action to bridge the financial gaps, tackle climate change, and ensure that the Sustainable Development Goals, vital for a sustainable and inclusive future, remain achievable by 2030.

World leaders unite, pledge bold actions to salvage SDGs by 2030

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1694682338360" alt="Study reveals six Planetary Boundaries breached, posing environmental risks" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

In a sobering revelation, a new study has unveiled that humanity has surpassed six of the nine critical planetary boundaries essential for preserving the stability and resilience of our planet. Published in Science Advances, this study underscores the urgency of addressing environmental concerns and adopting sustainable practices to protect the Earth's delicate equilibrium.

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1694682378239" alt="The nine Planetary Boundaries" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

The six planetary boundaries that have been breached, signalling potential environmental risks, encompass a wide spectrum of ecological factors:
<ins>Climate Change</ins>: The Earth's rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and radiative forcing, which represents the energy imbalance in the atmosphere, have surged beyond safe limits. Current levels stand at 417 parts per million (ppm) and 2.91 Watts per square meter (Wm−2), respectively, exceeding the designated thresholds of 350 ppm and 1 Wm−2.
<ins>Biosphere Integrity</ins>: The study's conservatively calculated extinction rate exceeds the planetary boundary of less than 10 extinctions per million species-years. Disturbingly, it is estimated that around one million out of the eight million plant and animal species face extinction, and over 10 percent of genetic diversity has been eroded over the last 150 years.
<ins>Land System Change</ins>: The percentage of global forested land relative to the original forest cover boundary was set at 75 percent. However, the current global value has plummeted to a mere 60 percent, well below the safe limit.
<ins>Freshwater Change</ins>: Both blue water (surface and groundwater) and green water (available water for plants) have experienced human impacts beyond the designated boundaries of 10.2 percent and 11.1 percent, respectively. These violations occurred in 1905 and 1929, respectively.
<ins>Biogeochemical Flows</ins>: Nutrient flows, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, have exceeded the planetary boundaries of 11 teragrams (Tg) for phosphorus and 62 Tg for nitrogen. Current levels stand at 22.6 Tg and 190 Tg, respectively. Changing nutrient availability has profound consequences for biodiversity and water quality.
<ins>Novel Entities</ins>: The planetary boundary for novel entities was calculated at zero, indicating that humans have transgressed this limit as well. This category encompasses various anthropogenic pollutants, including microplastics, endocrine disruptors, and organic pollutants.
The study's author, Katherine Richardson from the University of Copenhagen, likens these planetary boundaries to blood pressure; breaching individual boundaries does not immediately spell disaster, but it elevates the risk of initiating processes that could profoundly and irreversibly alter Earth's environmental conditions, potentially undermining civilization as we know it.
This latest update to the planetary boundaries framework, the third iteration, reflects the need to adapt and evolve our understanding of Earth's systems and the impact of human activities. It involved the collaborative efforts of 29 scientists from eight different countries.
The study's findings serve as a stark reminder of the pressing need for a circular economy, akin to the sustainable systems found in nature. It calls for global negotiations to establish and adhere to limits on the disposal of waste into the environment, emphasising the urgency of adopting environmentally responsible practices. As the world grapples with these environmental challenges, the study underscores the imperative of acting swiftly and decisively to secure the future of our planet.

Study reveals six Planetary Boundaries breached, posing environmental risks

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1694450277999" alt="Water scarcity threatens Kuruvai and Samba Crops, Tamil Nadu farmers seek solutions" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

Distressed Tamil Nadu farmers are sounding alarms over low paddy yields this year, attributing the setback to a lack of water for irrigation, particularly affecting kuruvai, or short-term paddy cultivation, across approximately 100,000 acres in delta districts. As a result of this crisis, many farmers have been compelled to migrate to urban areas in search of employment opportunities.
Kuruvai crops, characterized by their short-duration growth period from June to September, predominantly thrive in the river deltas of Tamil Nadu, with key delta districts including Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, and Nagapattinam. It is estimated that nearly three-fourths of the state's paddy production originates from the delta region, highlighting the critical role of these crops in Tamil Nadu's agricultural landscape.
P Senthil Kumar, President of All India Kisan Sabha, Thanjavur district, expressed concerns, stating, "As kuruvai paddy faces adversity this year, it will undeniably impact overall crop production. Last year, we achieved a production of over a million tonnes."
Water scarcity remains a pressing issue for Tamil Nadu's delta farmers, particularly for kuruvai cultivation. These crops span approximately 360,000 acres and are highly dependent on water from the Mettur dam, located on the Kaveri river in Salem. Any shortfall in water availability poses a direct threat to kuruvai rice cultivation, risking crop losses and the livelihoods of countless farmers.
Farmers have emphasized the requirement of around 100 thousand million cubic feet (TMC) of water for successful kuruvai farming. Worries emerged in July this year as the water stored in the Mettur dam stood at a mere 46 TMC. This alarming deficit was compounded by the Karnataka government's failure to release its stipulated monthly share of water to the Mettur dam in Tamil Nadu, which should have been 177.25 TMC in a 'normal' water year.
Kumar voiced farmers' frustrations, revealing, "The state government has yet to take any substantial measures to address this issue. We have demanded Rs 35,000 per acre from the government, but we are yet to receive any relief for crop damage. Additionally, there is a lack of crop insurance."
Concerns also revolve around the inadequate rainfall experienced in Karnataka's catchment areas and the broader water situation in the region. Catchment areas play a pivotal role in replenishing water reservoirs and rivers, including those that supply water to Tamil Nadu through inter-state river agreements.
Insufficient rainfall in these catchment regions can exacerbate water scarcity issues, impacting multiple states. This underscores the pressing need for coordinated water resource management and conservation efforts.
Further compounding the woes of Tamil Nadu's farmers is the threat to the samba crop, which is sown between September and November. Samba rice holds immense agricultural significance in the state and relies heavily on the availability of water for irrigation.
When vital water sources such as dams and reservoirs dip to insufficient levels, the cultivation of samba rice faces peril, potentially leading to reduced yields and economic hardships for farmers.
"In the current scenario, many farmers are left with no option but to seek 100 days of work under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act or migrate to Chennai and Tirupur for employment," lamented Kumar.
Despite several attempts, there has been no response from the state agriculture department regarding these pressing concerns, leaving farmers in limbo as they grapple with the critical issue of water scarcity and its far-reaching implications.

Water scarcity threatens Kuruvai and Samba Crops, Tamil Nadu farmers seek solutions

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1694278923365" alt="India Launches Global Biofuels Alliance at G20 Summit" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

In a significant development at the G20 Summit, India initiated the creation of the Global Biofuels Alliance, an alliance aimed at promoting sustainable biofuels deployment worldwide. Prime Minister Narendra Modi urged G20 nations to support the initiative and called for a global increase in ethanol blending with petrol to 20 percent. The launch of the Global Biofuels Alliance took place on the sidelines of the G20 Summit and was attended by leaders from various countries, including US President Joe Biden, Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, and Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni.
The founding members of the alliance include Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Italy, Mauritius, South Africa, the UAE, and the US, while Canada and Singapore participate as observer countries.
Prime Minister Modi emphasized the need for global cooperation in the field of fuel blending to address the challenges of climate change. He proposed taking the initiative to increase ethanol blending in petrol to 20 percent globally or exploring alternative blending options that ensure a stable energy supply while contributing to climate security. This proposal garnered support from leaders attending the session on 'One Earth' at the G20 Summit, which focused on environmental and climate-related issues.
Modi highlighted that energy transition is a pressing requirement in the 21st century, given the climate change challenge. He emphasized that trillions of dollars are needed to achieve an inclusive energy transition, and developed countries have a crucial role to play in this endeavour. He acknowledged the positive initiative by developed countries in 2023, as they expressed willingness to fulfil their commitment of providing USD 100 billion for climate finance for the first time. This commitment was originally made at the Copenhagen UN climate talks in 2009 but had faced challenges in implementation.
The Global Biofuels Alliance initiative mirrors the International Solar Alliance (ISA), which was launched in 2015 to promote clean and affordable solar energy. Prime Minister Modi had earlier mentioned that such alliances are essential for advancing energy transitions in developing countries and that biofuels are vital from the perspective of a circular economy.
Biofuels, derived from biomass, offer a renewable energy source, and India is progressively working to increase the mixing of ethanol with petrol to 20 percent by 2025, along with the establishment of compressed biogas (CBG) plants. The Global Biofuels Alliance aims to foster cooperation, enhance the use of sustainable biofuels, strengthen markets, facilitate global biofuel trade, share policy lessons, and provide technical support for national biofuel programs worldwide. This initiative aligns with India's efforts to transition to alternative fuels, reduce its import bill, and achieve its net-zero carbon emissions goal by 2070.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that global sustainable biofuel production needs to triple by 2030 to align with the world's net-zero emissions target by 2050. Currently, liquid biofuels contribute to more than four percent of the total transport energy supply as of 2022.
The launch of the Global Biofuels Alliance represents a significant step towards global cooperation in promoting sustainable and eco-friendly energy solutions.

India launches Global Biofuels Alliance at G20 Summit

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1694173703012" alt="India advocates MDB reforms to bolster climate action & sustainable goals" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>
 India, as the current host of the G20 summit, has emphasised the imperative need for reforms in multilateral development banks (MDBs) during its G20 presidency to bolster climate action and achieve sustainable development `goals (SDGs).
During a press briefing preceding the summit, India's G20 Sherpa, Amitabh Kant, highlighted the "very rich" and "intense" discussions on MDB reforms. He emphasised the critical role these reforms play in facilitating climate finance, particularly for developing and emerging markets in the Global South. Kant stated, "Both SDGs and climate action require finance, and it is critical that we focus on the multilateral institutions of the 21st century. How to redesign and reform them?"
Kant further underscored India's commitment to ensuring that developing countries and emerging markets have access to long-term financing and innovative financial instruments to drive both SDGs and climate finance.
Ajay Seth, Secretary of the Department of Economic Affairs within the Ministry of Finance, echoed Kant's sentiments, stating that there had been extensive discussions on MDB reforms, expressing hope that the discourse would receive a favourable reception from world leaders.
The joint declaration that follows the G20 Leaders' Summit will represent the voice of the Global South and developing countries, Kant added.
The urgency of addressing climate change is undeniable, with Earth's global surface temperature having already risen by approximately 1.15 degrees Celsius. The spewing of CO2, primarily by developed countries, into the atmosphere since the start of the industrial revolution is closely linked to this increase. Under the business-as-usual scenario, the world is on track for a temperature rise of around 3 degrees Celsius by the end of the century.
To avert the most severe impacts of climate change, climate science asserts that global emissions must be halved by 2030 compared to 2009 levels, with a target of limiting global average temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels.
Developing countries argue that wealthier nations bear a greater responsibility for emission reductions, given their substantial historical emissions. They call for the provision of necessary means, including finance and technology, to support vulnerable nations in transitioning to clean energy and adapting to climate change.
The commitment made by developed countries at the Copenhagen UN climate talks in 2009 to provide USD 100 billion annually by 2020 to assist developing countries in combating climate change has not been fully realized. According to recent assessments, this commitment will be met only in 2023, three years past the target date, primarily due to increased financing from MDBs.
One challenge is that the majority of funding allocated to developing countries for climate-related purposes is provided as loans or investments rather than grants, leading to repayment burdens. This approach disproportionately affects countries that lack the resources to repay loans.
Notably, during the 2011-20 period, only about 5 percent of climate finance was disbursed as grants, while the rest consisted of loans or equity. Furthermore, 75 percent of climate finance during this period was concentrated in North America, Western Europe, East Asia, and the Pacific, leaving regions housing most low and middle-income countries with less access to climate finance.
In its G20 presidency, India has been focusing on various issues, including inclusive growth, digital innovation, climate resilience, and equitable global health access. The G20, representing a significant portion of global GDP, emissions, trade, and population, comprises Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the UK, the US, and the European Union (EU).

India advocates MDB reforms to bolster climate action & sustainable goals

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1693925245070" alt="Current climate policies not enough to meet Paris targets: Lancet study" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

Attempts to pursue “green growth” in high-income countries will not deliver the emission reductions required to meet the climate targets and fairness principles of the Paris Agreement, according to a study. The study, published recently in The Lancet Planetary Health journal, shows that if current trends continue, even the 11 high-income countries that have “decoupled” carbon emissions from gross domestic product (GDP) growth would on average take over 200 years to get their emissions close to zero.
These countries would emit more than 27-times their fair share of the “global carbon budget” that must not be exceeded if we are to avert catastrophic warming beyond 1.5 degrees Celsius, as required by the Paris Agreement.
The researchers argue that the pursuit of economic growth in high-income countries is at odds with internationally agreed climate targets, and call for transformative “post-growth” climate policy centred around sufficiency, fairness, and wellbeing.
The study compared carbon emission reductions in these countries with the reductions required under the Paris Agreement. Lead author of the study, Jefim Vogel, from the University of Leeds, UK, said.
Continued economic growth in high-income countries is at odds with the twin goal of averting catastrophic climate breakdown and upholding fairness principles that protect development prospects in lower-income countries, the researchers said.
The study identified 11 high-income countries that achieved “absolute decoupling” — decreasing CO2 emissions alongside increasing GDP — between 2013 and 2019, which were Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the UK.
For each country, it compares ‘business-as-usual’ future emission reduction rates to the “Paris-compliant” rates needed to comply with the country’s “fair-share” or population-proportionate share of the respective global carbon budget that must not be exceeded if we are to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius or even just to 1.7 degrees Celsius.
The researchers found that none of the high-income countries who have “decoupled” emissions from growth have achieved emission reductions anywhere near fast enough to be Paris-compliant.
At current rates, these countries would on average take over 200 years to get their emissions close to zero, and would emit more than 27 times their fair share of the global carbon budget for 1.5 degrees Celsius, they said.
The scale of the gap between achieved and Paris-compliant emission reductions is dramatic. Among the 11 high-income countries examined, emission reductions between 2013 and 2019 were on average just 1.6 per cent per year, the researchers said.
By contrast, reduction rates of 30 per cent per year are needed by 2025 for countries to comply with their fair-shares of the global carbon budget for 1.5 degrees Ceslius, they added.

Current climate policies not enough to meet Paris targets: Lancet study

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1693917768429" alt="Invasive mussel species from Central and South America wiping out native variant in Kerala" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

The Caribbean false mussel (Mytilopsis sallei), an invasive species, has spread in the coastal waters of Kerala. It is wiping out the native clams and oysters that are crucial for the state fisheries, a report from the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) said.
The latest 'Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and Their Control' from IPBES said the Caribbean false mussels, originally from the Atlantic and Pacific coast of South and Central America, have spread widely through the coastal waters of Kerala.
The report said the invasive species could have reached the Indian coast through ballast waters (the seawater that ships carry inside for better stability), and later spread to the estuaries through smaller fishing vessels.
"It's possible that tropical cyclone Ockhi, which struck the Kerala coast in 2017, may have triggered the spread of the ‘Varathan Kakka’ (‘alien bivalve mollusk’ in Malayalam) across the state by carrying it into new waters," the report said.
PBES has referred to a study on this species conducted by Biju Kumar A, professor and Head of the Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries in the Kerala University, along with Ravinesh R, his department colleague, Oliver PG from the National Museum of Wales in Cardiff, Tan SK from Lee Kong Chian National History Museum in Singapore, and Sadasivan K from Travancore Nature History Society.
"This invasive species has spread across estuaries from Thiruvananthapuram to Kasaragod. It has now started affecting the mussel aquaculture farms also in Kerala," lead author of the report, Biju Kumar A, told PTI.
He said this edible mussel, smaller in size compared to that of native mussel species to Kerala, has caused mass displacement of the native variant.
"The Caribbean false mussel reproduces rapidly and is very tolerant, and can even survive in freshwater. They grow in the similar habitats where our mussels grow and displace them massively," Biju Kumar added.
Controlling the spread of this species now would be impossible, the scientist added.
He said the only way to reduce the number would be to harvest as much as possible so that there would be stock replacement of our native species.
He also conveyed that Kerala is yet to carry out an assessment regarding the economic loss to the fisheries sector due to the extensive spread of the invasive species and resultant displacement of the native variants.
"We only know that in most areas these invasive mussels are harvested and sold, instead of our native varieties. A full-scale economic impact assessment needs to be done," Biju Kumar said.
The IPBES report said more than 37,000 species have been introduced by many anthropogenic activities to regions and biomes around the world.
"The conservative estimate is now rising at unprecedented rates. More than 3,500 of these are harmful invasive alien species-seriously threatening nature, nature's contribution to people, and good quality of life," the IPBES report said.
Approved on Saturday in Bonn, Germany, by the representatives of 143 member states to IPBES, the report found that alongside dramatic changes to biodiversity and ecosystems, the global economic cost of invasive alien species exceeded USD 423 billion in 2019.

Invasive mussel species from Central & South America wiping out native variant in Kerala

This year’s string of record-breaking disasters – from deadly wildfires and catastrophic floods to record-high ocean temperatures and record-low sea ice in Antarctica – seem like an acceleration of human-induced climate change.

And it is. But not only because greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise. It is also observed that the long-predicted water vapour feedback within the climate system also played a part.

As the atmosphere warms, it can hold more moisture in the form of water vapour, which is also a greenhouse gas. This in turn amplifies the warming caused by our emissions of other greenhouse gases.

Water vapour is part of Earth’s hydrological cycle and plays an important role in the natural greenhouse effect. Its rise is a consequence of the atmospheric warming caused by our emissions arising especially from burning fossil fuels.

Rising water vapour in atmosphere making weather worse

<div>Yes EVs can prove to be an alternative to conventional fuel in the short run, but the thing with batteries is that what to do with them when they run out.</div><div>It will incur both financial and ecological cost.</div><div>Is it a better alternative in the long run. What do you think?</div>

What do you think about EVs when it comes to sustainability in the long run?

My question is why all of a sudden these discoveries are being made. These materials were in the earth since a long long time but why havent we found them earlier. pehle mill jaati toh aaj kaafi accha ho raha hota

Rising water vapour in atmosphere making weather worse

What do you think about EVs when it comes to sustainability in the long run?

After lithium deposits found in JnK, Gold mines found in Odisha